Work Motivation

model Motivation Theory and Research at The Dawn Of The Twenty-First ampere-second ready on this journal, the writers examine progress made in hypothesis and look on inevitably, traits, determine, perception, and affect as well as ternary bodies of lit dealing with the context of motif national culture, job design, and models of soulfulness purlieu outburst. They focus primarily on fetch reported mingled with 1993 and 2003, concluding that closing context of use, companionable cognitive, and organizational proficientice theories atomic number 18 the leash most important approaches to work need to appear in the final 30 years.The writers reach 10 normally positivistic proofs take ining predicting, understanding, and influencing work indigence in the new millennium. Miner (2003) concluded that motif continues to hold a significant position in the eyes of scholars. Miners conclusion is establish on a comparison with other middle regularise theories of organ izational conduct (OB). The question remains on an absolute standard, motivation theory and query move over fargond well over the net billet of a snow.In answering this question, we provide a definition of the construct and an judicial decision of how the field of motivation in the oeuvre has evolved and progressed since the year in which the last chapter devoted exclusively to this topic appe ard in the Annual brushup of psychology (ARP). We selectively review theory and look, emphasizing work publish in the old tense decade, 19932003, with special emphasis abandoned to search on contextual cause and mediating mechanisms.Work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both(prenominal) deep down as well as beyond an individuals being, to initiate work- connect behavior and to determine its get up, direction, intensity, and duration (Pinder 1998). where motivation is a bring resulting from the inter ph 1 numberion between the individual and the enviro nment. However, because of space limitations, the writers just focus on national culture, job design characteristics, and some atomic number 53-environment fit, omitting reviews of other exogenous sources of motivation.MOTIVATIONAL FRAMEWORK The modeling used in reviewing the literature is consistent with Locke & Henne(1986). Needs is fol abjected by a focus on (b) personal traits. An individual difference variable grow in needs is (c) values. Because context affects the extent to which needs argon met and values are fulfilled, emphasis is given to (d) national culture, (e) job design characteristics, and (f) person context fit. Needs and values affect (g) cognition, particularly deaths. Cognition plays an built-in role in each of these concepts.Although (h) affective re fulfills need non think on cognition (Bandura 1997), the dickens usually are reciprocally tie in (Lord & Kanfer 2002). Finally, affect is castd by culture as well as by organizational norms (Lord & Harvey 2002). We close with an (i) assessment of progress in the field since 1977. postulate Aslam et al. (2000) presented a process-based analysis of need structure and need salience derived from the social indistinguishability approach to organizational behavior.When personal identity is salient, needs to ego- finish and to enhance self esteem through personal advancement and offset become dominant. When social identity is salient, the need to enhance gathering based self-esteem through a sense of relatedness, respect, peer recognition, and proficiency of group inclinations dominate. They stated that McGregors (1960) Theory Y assumptions apply when the supervisory program and employee contend the similar identity Theory X assumptions apply when they do not do so. 2 People are motivated to attain goals that are compatible with their self-identity.Needs associated with a peculiar(prenominal) group membership are internalized they do as a guide for behavior in a specific working context. Need-based theories explain why a person must act they do not explain why specific actions are chosen in specific situations to obtain specific outcomes. Moreover, they do not substantially account for individual differences. Hence, along with increased attention to needs, there has similarly been a resurgence of interest in individual differences, particularly with regard to the notions of job characteristics on employee motivation.TRAITS In summary, the impressiveness of personality in predicting, understanding, and influencing choice, affect, and performance has been shown, as well as the importance of job characteristics (e. g. , autonomy) as a mediator/moderator. An issue identified by Locke & Latham (2004) that has yet to be addressed is how general variables such as personality are use to and are mediated by task and situationally specific variables in touching performance, or how they are moderated by situations and affect situational structuring and choice.Loc ke (2001) showed that values and personality work through goals and self-efficacy to influence performance. Yet it is likely that some trait effects are direct and thus are not mediated. Research is undeniable on if, when, and why this occurs VALUES Values are rooted in needs and provide a principal basis for goals (Locke & Henne 1986). Locke & Henne (1986) argued that values are inherent in most work moti- vation theories. These theories focus on the influence of one or several particu- lar values, such as perceptions of fairness on action or on the effects of values in general (expectancy theory).CONTEXT As a result of globalization, however, values abide been studied within the context of a persons culture and job as well as person-environment fit. National Culture In an attempt to slumberer together needs and values, Steers & Sanchez-Runde (2002) stated that national culture determines three paint sets of distal sources of motivation (a) populations self-concept, including personal beliefs, needs, and values (b) norms about work ethic and the nature of achievement, tolerance for ambiguity, locus of control, etc. and (c) environ kind factor ins.Based on their conceptual model, the authors concluded that these distal factors influence self-efficacy beliefs, work motivation levels, and goals, as well as the nature of incentives and disincentives to perform. Building on research findings of other scholars, Leung (2001) has offered quatern hypotheses for further research (a) work teams in state-controlled cultures have higher levels of unconditional benevolence and positive social identity that, in turn, occur to higher levels of in-group involvement than is the case for groups that value ndividualism (b) productivity and performance levels are more homogenous (not necessarily higher or lower) in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures (c) motivational strategies by superiors have more effect on subordinates in cultures with high le vels of power maintain than in cultures low in power distance and (d) negative reactions from supervisors in high power-distance cultures generate more negative reactions among workers than is the case in low power-distance cultures.Job Design Characteristics Gustafson & Mumford (1995) reported that the ability of personality measures to predict performance as well as satisfaction increases when characteristics of a job are taken into account. Job autonomy can facilitate the time necessary for breeding and liftment, which in turn improves job performance (Wall & Jackson 1995).Cordery (1997) argued the necessity of differentiating the importance of three dimensions of job autonomy, namely (a) method control as delimitate by the amount of discretion one has over the way in which work is performed, (b) timing control in terms of the influence one has over scheduling of work, and (c) discretion in setting performance goals.He engraft four interrelated dimensions that affect job au tonomy, namely the extent to which the supervisor (a) provides clear attainable goals, (b) exerts control over work activities, (c) ensures that the requisite resources are available, and (d) gives timely accurate feedback on progress toward goal attainment. PERSON CONTEXT-FIT The prefatory assumption underlying these models is that the birth between person variables (such as needs or values) and both individual and organizational outcomes is contingent upon various features of the environment (such as the job, the organization, or culture).These models originated from Shaffers (1953). He used Murrays (1938) needs to develop a goodness-of-fit model that takes into account individual differences in needs as well as the characteristics of jobs. Cable DeRue (2002), through a confirmatory factor analysis, found that employees differentiate among three varieties of fit (a) person-environment fit (in which the focus is on organizational outcomes such as organizational identification an d turnover decisions) (b) needs-supplies fit (in which the primary focus is on career-related outcomes such as employee satisfaction) and (c) job demandsemployee abilities fit.COGNITION As Locke Henne (1986) ob pay heedd, cognition is inherent in motivation. The sensations of pleasure and pain are informational. Based on needs, values, and the situational context, people set goals and strategize ways to attain them. Goal-Setting Theory A meta-analysis by Zetik Stuhlmacher (2002) revealed that negotiators who have specific, challenging, and conflicting goals consistently achieve higher profit than those with no goals. Consistent with goal-setting theory, the higher the goal, the higher the outcome.No effect was found for date in setting goals. Contextual Conditions Seijts Latham (2000b) examined the applicability of goal-setting principles when personal goals are potentially incompatible with those of the group. They found that social dilemmas are boundary conditions for the usu al positive effects of goal setting. Self-enhancing personal goals have a detrimental effect on a groups performance. Audia et al. (2000) found that past achievement increased strategic decision makers satisfaction, and satisfaction led them to increase their past strategies.Higher satisfaction was associated with higher self-efficacy and higher performance goals that increased dysfunctional pains subsequent to a radical change in the environment. Implementation Intentions and Auto-Motive Goals Gollwitzer (1999) found that goal intentions that are accompanied by implementation intentions on tasks that are complex for people lead to a higher rate of goal attainment than do goal intentions only. An implementation intention is a mental link that is created between a specific future situation and the intend goal-directed response. Thus, it is subordinate to goal intention.Implementation intentions specify when, where, and how behavior is likely to lead to goal attainment. By forming i mplementation intentions, people strategically switch from certain effortful control of their goal-directed behavior to being automatically controlled by situational cues. Bargh Ferguson (2000) summarized research findings that show that automatic or nonconscious goals produce the same outcomes as conscious goal pursuit in information processing, storehouse storage, social behavior, and task performance, as well as in self efficacy, self evaluation, and mood state. FeedbackAshford et al. (2003) stated that the processing of feedback likely involves monitoring the environment in an automatic preconscious fashion through visual, auditory, and relational cues. In their enumerative review, Ashford pitch-dark (1996) also suggested three primary motives for feedback seeking instrumental to attain a goal and perform well, ego-based to defend or enhance ones ego, and image-based to protect or enhance the impression others have of oneself. Self-Regulation Goal setting and feedback seeki ng in relation to goals are the core of self-regulation (Latham Locke 1991).Self-regulatory processes supporting goal implementation were examined by Gollwitzer Bayer (1999). They offered a time perspective on goal striving and self-regulatory processes as mediating the effects of intentions on behavior. The latter consists of four phases predecisional (choosing among competing wishes, based on expected value) preactional (forming implementation intentions in the service of the goal intention) actional (bringing goal direct actions to a successful end) and postactional (evaluation as to whether further action is necessary)Expectancy Theory After reviewing the literature, Ambrose Kulik (1999) concluded that little or no advances have been made in expectancy theory research in the past decade. Ambrose Kulik concluded that there are few theoretical or employ reasons for additional research on the application of this theory to organizational behavior Social Cognitive Theory SCT res earch shows empirically that the effect of environmental antecedents and consequences are mediated by cognitive variables.SCT emphasizes dual control ashess in the self-regulation of motivation, namely a proactive discrepancy production system that flora in concert with a reactive discrepancy reduction system (Bandura 2001). Thus, people are motivated by the foresight of goals, not just the hindsight of shortfalls. A specific high goal creates negative discrepancies to be mastered. safari and resources are mobilized based on anticipatory estimates of what is necessary for goal attainment. consider/EMOTION Mowday Sutton (1993) argued against an overemphasis on cognition in the study of motivation.This is because moods and emotions influence the attainment of complex long-term goals (Lord Kanfer 2002) and are interrelated with the other constructs we have discussed. Erez Isen (2002) showed that people with higher levels of positive affect exhibited higher levels of persistence, effort, self-reported motivation, and performance on two different tasks. Positive affect was associated with higher levels of valence and expectancy beliefs at these tasks as well as higher levels of instrumentality beliefs at one of them. Organizational JusticeA significant body of research on work motivation that has appeared since Korman et al. s 1977 review is conceptualizations of organizational justice (Greenberg 1987). These studies, based on sociolegal research of disputants reactions to a conflict resolution, supplement Adams equity theory, the key idea of which is that individuals develop beliefs about the inputs they provide in their employment relationship as well as about the outcomes they receive in return, and they form attitudes about the ratio between inputs and outcomes in relation to the corresponding ratios they get the picture among comparison others.The premise of organizational justice is that fair procedures enhance employee borrowing of organizational o utcomes. second premise, namely that in addition to being fair, leaders must be perceived as fair with regard to outcomes and processes that serve an important psychological need (Greenberg 1990). CONCLUSIONS First, three theories dominate the motivation literature goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice. Second, whereas theory and research in the third the skinny of the twentieth century focused almost exclusively on cognition (Latham Budworth 2004), this is no longer true.Third, the ability to predict, understand, and influence motivation in the workplace has increased significantly as a result of the attention that has been given to all rather than only a few aspects of an employees motivation. Fourth, whereas the dependent variables historically studied were limited to traditional measures of job performance and satisfaction, todays dependent variables range from citizenship to counterproductive behavior. Fifth, Cronbachs (1957) plea a half century ago for experimental and correlational psychology to feature forces has been heeded.Sixth, the importance of context to motivation has been recognized overmuch more in recent years than in the past so much so that an additional chapter could be devoted to it. Seventh, these advances in the study of motivation may reflect the fact that this subject is no longer restricted to the research findings of North Americans. Eighth, behavioral scientists in the latter half of the twentieth century responded positively to William James exhortation to systematically study consciousness. Ninth, the antagonisms among theorists that existed throughout much of the twentieth century have either disappeared or have been minimized.Tenth, the nomological nets related to work motivation constructs are thicker and tighter than ever before, but the size of the immix net (metaphorically speaking) is not growing at a rate qualified with the energy that scholars and practitioners have invested since 1977. Accor dingly, Steers (2001) recently recognized the limitations of current theory and research in work motivation, and issued a call for groundbreaking papers for result in a special edition of the Academy of Management Review in 2004. It is too soon to assess whether any of the papers published in response to his call will

Childs personality and life Essay

Andy Murray is one of the more than extrovert tennis fakes on the tennis cost and is known for his frequent outbursts of passion and his aggressive style of play. In celestial latitude 2004 he was named the Young Sports Personality of the Year which supports my theory that he is an extravert. as well as Andy Murray does non shy from the media he often talks somewhat his game, coaches and even out family members such as After a match against Stepanek, he communicate to the media sayingI was pretty happy with the way I play and you could see that by the celebrations and my mum making an idiot of herself A more retract person would usually just talk about at that place performance and there own reaction. Tim Henman Tim Henman is one of the more introvert tennis players on the field he is quite conservative and quiet. His celebration (the vocation mark fist clench) supports that he is conservative though he may have an outburst of passion it usually is quirt and short.Tim Hen man does get a the great unwashed of media economic aid because he is Englands number one, though he open fire handle the media spotlight know when his career first started he did not like all the media attention and tried to avoid it. That showed an shy introverted characteristic. A more extroverted person would of liked being move of attention and looked forward to meeting with the media. Rugby Union The two rugger union players I have chosen to investigate are Martin Johnson and insurrectionist Wilkinson. Martin Johnson Martin Johnson is one of the well known and accomplished masters of all time.He captained England to the 2003 half dozen Nations Grand Slam and led club side Leicester Tigers as they won four consecutive Zurich Premiership titles and a European Cup double. He has excessively toured with the Lions three times. He became the first man in history to captain them twice when he led the Lions on the tour of Australia in 2001, later lead story the winning tour of South Africa in 1997. On the effect he is a player who inspires the best out of his players by leading by example and shouting encouragement and instructions which shows extravert qualities. strike the pitch when Martin Johnson talks to the media he does not like talking about himself which is unusual for an extravert but when talking to the media he always focuses on the collective which shows he is a big team man. In the hearing after the winning world cup final he state It was a huge effort by the entire squad of players, coaches and backroom staff, everybody. give thanks to the fans they were incredible he also said I cant say enough about the team What he said to the media reinforces that he is a big team man.This also shows an extravert characteristic of enjoying doing activities that admit other people Johnny Wilkinson Johnny Wilkinson is an introverted rugby player but the drop goal during extra time that won England the domain of a function Cup in 2003 made him t he most famous players in multinational professional rugby. On the field he has a paper for undefiled kicking and fierce tackling off the field he has a reputation for practicing incessantly and avoiding publicity. This shows two introverted characteristics one of doing things alone (training) two avoiding media attention (publicity) being shy.Are we born with our personalities? The answer is well there isnt one there is only theories weather we are born with a temper. I turn over we may be born with a personality disorder (mental disorder) but they are the ones that have been scientifically proven. I believe our personality depends on environmental factors (schools physiology etc) and hugely how our parents interact with us and other people. Children learn from copying others and they copy there parents more than anybody. Parents are gods in the eyes of their children I think that phrase sums up how much a parent affects a Childs personality and life.

Negligence

Introduction heedlessness is a branch of well-bred equity known as tort .tort is defined as a civil wrong in the form of br for each one of indebtedness from which the levelheaded exempt is an award of vilify. Negligence is the doing of aroundthing which a middling soulfulness would non do or the failure to do something that a honey oilsensical somebody would do which inflicts harm. Negligence covers great argona this meaning that it does non only enquire disquietless suffer and involves a combination of the c erstwhilepts of trading, breach and sufficient community in law. The plaintiff does non score to prove that the suspect all intended his mo or its consequences. Negligence is based on trey essentials which the plaintiff mustiness prove on the base of chance in order to succeed in an action in neglectfulness, this argon(i) Duty of charge (ii) Standard of keeping (iii) qualified connection in lawDuty of superintend (dongue v Stevenson)Did the suspe ct owe the plaintiff a vocation of care? This is the inquire we ask, which the plaintiff must prove on the balance of probabilities. if no transaction of care is owed the plaintiff calm must fail .the judge has the righteousness for deciding whether or not a tariff of care exists as the issue is a oppugn of law having regard to the fact of the berth . The method used to visitation the barter of care will disagree depending on whether this episode involves negligence advice or negligence act Negligence acts are based on the doctrine of-Reasonable promises ability -Proximity.Reasonable foreseeability Where in reasonable foresee ability we get to ask was the defendant able to foresee that his action or omission would begin harm or hurt to the plaintiff? . plaintiff must prove that a reasonable person in similar circumstance to the defendant would be aware that their carriage whitethorn create a luckiness of harming the other person .breach of barter at this stage the concept of reasonable foresbility is concerned with the nature of the risk that has been created by the defendants conduct .in other haggle how would areasonable person respond to what exact type of risk.This is concerned with setting standards of acceptable conduct that will be determined with reference to range of factors including the likely consequences on the plaintiff if the risk eventuates and the burden that would be imposed on the defendant to remove the risk (Sullivan v moody ) (2001) 207 CLR 562 . The spare-time activity steps are the once the tourist court broad approach seems to involve in find duty of care3.1Analogies recognized duties of careDetermine whether there was a jolly foreseeable risk of distress without that they clear be never a duty of care .Determine whether the eccentric is most analogous to other cases in which duty of care has a ready been established .If not look to the salient features of the case to determine whether they reveal a sufficient ly close neighbor blood to warrant finding a duty of care3.2.2Neighborhood factorThe friend had brought a nursing bottle of ginger beer after she had drunk some of the ginger beer she poured the re master(prenominal)ing onto a dish and decomposed remains of a snail floated out of the bottle .she suffered alarm and gastroenteritis .she sued the ginger beer manufacture. Was the manufacture liable to her negligence? The manufacture was reliable.The court held the manufacturers ease up general duty to entire con jointing public to consider their products do not contain potentially dangerous effects that can be discovered on a reasonable inspection churchman Atkins said that you must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omission which you can somewhat foresee would be likely to sourend your neighbor. Who the in law is your neighbor? The answer seems to be persons who are closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to throw away them in contemplation as bein g so affected when I am directing my sound judgement to act or omission3.2 .3 Social policyDuty of care will not generally be found if doing so would conquer the defendants to an intermediate liability. policy consideration also apply in wide range of other cases where they allow the court to weigh competing consideration of legal policy to determine whether despite proof of foreseeability and neighbor hood duty should not be imposed either a tall the company need to succeed in his action. What this means is that generalpolicy issues are only taken into account where it would have been unreasonable to have evaluate the defendant to have done what would have been nesecassary to veto the harm that occurred (stovin v wise)3.2.4ProximityWas the defendant so close that the plaintiff had to have him in mind? We have three elbow rooms to determine this (i) By physical law of proximity between the person or airplane propeller of the plaintiff and the person or property of the defenda nt (ii) By circumstantial proximity that which exists in particular(a) circumstances (iii) By causal proximity in the sense of acquaintance of directness of the relationship between the defendant particular act or omission and defect that the plaintiff sustained4.0 Duty of care for negligence advicesThere are clear differences between negligence word and negligence advice. Negligence run-in cannot cause qualifying by themselves. They cause divergence only because persons act on them in reliance. second it is uncommon for people in mixer or informal context to make statements less carefully than if they were disposed(p) advice in business or professionally the last words may be foreseeable receive such a coverage or circulation that application of (dongue v Stevenson) might lead to many claims for large amounts reparation in the case (shaddock and associates v Parramatta urban center council 1981 150 CLR 225) developed the following test of question4.1 Development of the la w(i)Was the advice given on a serious subject area? (ii)Did the speaker realize that or ought to have realized that his advice would be acted upon (iii)Was it reasonable for the recipient to act on the advice? Once the fact of the case supports the test it can be concluded that the advisor owed the plaintiff a duty of care4.2 Shaddock test, reliance and assumption of responsibility Shaddock and associate were evoke in purchasing some land for development before they make enquires with the local council to ensure there were no plans that would affect they development the Parramatta city council issued a statement uttering that there were no plans that would affect the banish of land.Soon after purchasing the Parramatta council widened the road making the block littler .shaddock couldnot develop the land as planned because the block had become smaller .if they sold the land shaddock would lose the money because the value had dropped If mortal gives information that they know will be relied upon and it is reasonable for others to rely upon it thereforece there is duty to take reasonable care that the information is chastise The advisor owed the plaintiff a duty of care in the case of shaddock associate v Parramatta city council5.0 Sufficient connection in lawThe plaintiff must prove that there was sufficient connection in law between the psychic trauma and the conduct. To satisfy this plaintiff must bear witness that the breach rattling caused the dishonor suffered which was due to reasonably foreseeable consequences of the breach. Sufficient connection in law has ii components originator -the defendant acts caused the plaintiff tarnish or loses Remoteness if the defendants conducts did cause ravish to the plaintiff is the defendant liable for the footing suffered by the plaintiff resulting from his negligence conductThe plaintiff must suffer actual damage recognized in law .the injury suffered by the plaintiff may fall in one of this classificati on individualized physical injury pass of eyeball in mechanical injury, loss of hand in construction injury Property damage involve actual physical damage to property Monetary or financial lose involve lose of moneyLoses of wages5.1 Causation We ask the question on a balance of probability. Did the defendant cause the plaintiff injury or lose? And to answer this we have some case test that we use5.1.1 But for test The but for test speculate by lord denning in cork v Kirby MacLean is useful for find causation although it has restrictions If you say damage would not have happened but for a particular fault then that fault is in fact a cause of the damage, but if you say the damage would have happened just the identical fault or not, then the fault is not the cause of the damage when this happens you find both parties say but for your a fault it would not have happened but its both faults are the cause.In other words if the damage would not have happened without a particular fau lt then thatfault was the cause .the damage would have happened just the same way with or without the fault then the fault was not the cause (cork v Kirby Maclean ltd) The but for test to have some limitation for example say A and B light a put up independently each other in different places and meet up and burns smooth some house. nether the but for test neither B nor A is reliable as the house would still have burned by the other fire if he hadnt lit a fire however in particular both would be held equally liable5.1.2 The common sense testThe high court has expressed dissatisfaction with the but for test and its limitation .pentony graw, lennard and parker (2003,p. 386) a preferred approach is to ask on the balance of probability the defendants acts or omission caused or materially contributed to the plaintiff loss damage or injury. The common sense test ask a question of fact (March v stramare (E&MH) pty ltd (1991)171CLR 506)5.1.3 Novus actus intervenesCertain activities or acti on may happen to prevent or break a chain of events or procedures and render the defendant not liable for particular losses suffered by the plaintiff. Consider an employee injure at work due negligence of his employer. they are been rushed to the infirmary and the car he is in is involved in another chance event causing further injuries to the patient .is the employer liable for this other accident suffered? Under this act it intervenes and tackles that perhaps it carelessness of the other road users so the employer is not the cause and is not liable (knightly v johns 1982)5.2 REMOTNESSIn remoteness we look at the amount of damages the defendant is liable for. The defendant is not infallible liable for all the damages cause as the law must draw the line somewhere. In the case of wagon mound the defendant is not liable only for the mannequin of damage that were reasonably foreseeable that is damage suffered was not too remote. Example the defendant carelessly places a wooden plank which falls into a plaintiff ship deferral and to unknown in both parties is full of desiccations. The falling plank strikes and ignites the vapors with serious damages results with remoteness the defendant was not able to foresee that so the defendant is only liable for those type or mixtureof injury that are necessary foreseeable5.2.1 TEST OF REASONABLE FORESEEBILITYClearly personal injury or physical damages to property from impact are the kind or type of injury are reasonably foreseeable as the results of being hit by the plank, whilst an explosion is arguably to farfetched to be reasonably foreseeable .however if the defendant had known that the hold was full of vapor then the explosion may then be seen as reasonably foreseeable as a consequence of the plank5.2.2 EGG SHELL SKULL RULEEgg rag skull rule qualifies remoteness the issue of reasonable foreseebility in relation to personal injury .once the type of damage that is reasonably foreseeable is personal injury then the defendant is liable for all of that kind of injury really suffered that s why the rule says that you must take you victim as you find him (egg shell skull rule )hence once some personal injury is reasonable foreseeable example if a person has some midsection problem the you tell him to go and work in place where his stub will be affected and he collapses the egg shell rule applies (smith v leech brain &co ltd 1962)6.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ESSENTIAL ON DEFENDANT LIABILITYThe requirement that a plaintiff establish that a duty is owed by the defendant places a limit on the situation in which liability can a line up in the first place . once the existence of duty care and its breach has been established , the requirement the plaintiff damages actually suffered not be too remote (that is reasonably foreseeable )place a limit on the extent of the defendant s liability .that is a duty of care limits when liability can rise in the first place ,and once establish ,remoteness limits its ex tent6.1 DAMAGESDefinition Damages is the sum of money payable by a defendant found the main purpose of an award of damage is fair compensation rather than punishment or retribution loss means the damage or loss suffered and can be in personalproperty or delicate economic terms damage is the sum of money awarded for loss or damage suffered 6.2CLASSIFICATION OF LOSSLosses for damage are awarded in negligence fall into two categories pecuniary And non pecuniary Pecuniary loss is defined as loss which can be valued or determined by pecuniary value an award of damage for pecuniary loss aims to return the plaintiff as close as possible to the position he would have been in had the injury not occurred Non pecuniary is defined as loss which is difficult to asses or determine precisely in money term. accolade of damage for non pecuniary loss aim to compensate the plaintiff for their infliction and suffering loss of amenity, expectation of life and so on as a result of the injury7.0Conclu sionIn negligence we have to proof that duty off care was owed to the plaintiff by the defendant so that we can have been able to connect it with the law. If no duty of care is owed the plaintiff collect must fail. The judge has the responsibility to decide whether or not duty of care exists. If there are clear facts about it then duty of care is owed to the plaintiff. After establishing duty of care was owed the plaintiff must furnish that there was sufficient connection in law between the injury and the conduct to satisfy this the plaintiff must show that the breach actually caused the injury suffered which was type was a reasonable foreseeable

Economic Problems of US

Most of the problems of the unify States argon related to the economy. wizard of the major issues facing the country today is friendly trade protection. The United States was one of the last major industrialized nations to establish a amicable bail form. In 1911, Wisconsin passed the first state workers compensation pr titleice of law to be held constitutional. At that time, most Ameri fuels believed the regime should non earn charge for the aged, dis satisfactoryd or needy. But such attitudes changed during the Great depressive disorder in the 1930s. In 1935, sexual relation passed the tender protection Act.This aw became the basis of the U. S. social policy system. It proposed property benefits to completely retired workers in commerce or industry. In 1939, Congress amended the act benefit and dependent children of retired workers and widows and children of deceased workers. In 1950, the act began to cover many farm and domestic workers, non professional self di ligent workers, and many state and municipal employees. Coverage became nearly universal in 1956, when lawyers and other professional workers came under the system. kindly surety is a judicature activity chopine that sustains workers and retired orkers and their families achieve a degree of economic earnest. Social security also called social indemnity (Robertson p. 33), provides cash gestatements to help replace income disordered as a result of retirement,unemployment, disability, or death. The program also helps redeem the cost of medical c atomic number 18 for quite a little age 65 or older and for nearly dis commensurated workers. Ab egress one-sixth of the people in the United States receive social security benefits. People become entitled to receive benefits by working in a certain outcome in a job covered by social security.Employers and workers finance the program through payroll taskes. Participation in the social security system is required for about 95perc ent of all U. S. workers. Social security differs from everyday assistance. Social security paysbenefits to individuals, and their families, largely on the basis of work histories. human race assistance, or welfare, aids the needy,regardless of their work records. every industrialized countries as well(p) as many developing nations break a social security system. The social security program in the United states has three chief(prenominal) parts.They are (1) old-aged, survivors, disability, and hospital insurance (OASDHI), (2) unemployment insurance and (3) workers compensation. This tax was to be taken from the payrolls of the nations employers and employees. The government felt that, like unemployment benefits, the social security should be financed by those who got the immenseest benefit, those who worked, and were liable to need those benefits in the A plan that would allude those only who had paid such a tax for a be of historic period would relieve oneself done those who were shortly suffering under the Depression no good at all.As a result, the social security plan began paying out benefits almost immediately to those who had been etired, or remote and out of work, and who were unable, primarily because of the depressed economic conditions, to retire comfortably. In this carriage, the government was able to accomplish two objectives first, it helped the economy pull out of the depression, by providing a means by which old people could support themselves and, by buying goods and services, support others in the community and second, it showed the younger workers of that time that they no longer had to fear living out their retirement years in fear of poverty. therefore, the social security payroll tax has been used to provide enefits to those who otherwise would have little means of support, and as of this writing, there has neer been a year when Social Security benefits were not paid delinquent to lack of Social Security income. (Bos kinp. 122) Social Security benefits increased 142% in the period between 1950-1972. not only the elderly, but many of the survivers, the widows and children, of those who paid into the Social Security system, have received social security checks. These checks have paid for the food shelters, and in many instances the college education of the recipients.Unlike secluded insurance firms, the United States Government does not have to worry about financial failure. Government bonds are considered the safest investment money can buy-so safe, they are considered risk free by many financial scholars. (Stein p. 198) The ability of the United States Government to raise money to meet the requirements of the social security should be no more(prenominal) in doubt than the governments ability to finance the national defense, the housing programs, the State Department, or any of the other activities that the federal governmentgets knotted in.By paying out benefits equally to all participate in Social Security- that is by not relying so heavily on wide payments in reservation the decision to pay out benefits, the system is able to pay benefits to people who otherwise may not be able to afford an insurance program that would provide them with as much protection. One of the main reasons for the governments involvement in this program, is its ability and its desire to provide insurance benefits or the poor and widowed, who under the surreptitious market, might not be able to acquire the insurance to continue on a financially steady course.The government, then, is in a totally whimsical position to pay outbenefits that would be out of the reach of many American families. Another great advantage of this system, is the ability of the government to adjust the benefits for the effects of inflation(Robertson p. 134) Private insurance plans are totally unable to adjust for the effects of inflation with have a go at it accuracy. In order for an insurance company to make this ad justment, they would have to be able to see forty-five years into the future, with twenty-twenty vision.When a individual(a) pensionplan currently insures the twenty-year-old worker, it can only guarantee a fixed income when the worker reaches 65 and a fixed income is a prime victim of inflation (Robertson p. 332) In order to adjust for that inflation, the private insurance firm would have to be able to predict what the inflation rate allow for be from the molybdenum the worker is insured until the day he dies, and then make the complexadjustments inevitable to reflect this in the pension plan. An inflation estimate that is too slim will result in the erosion of the workers retirement benefits.Because the government, unlike the private insurance firm, can guarantee that it will exist well into the future, and will have the continued income of the Social Security tax to draw upon, it can make on-the-spot adjustments for changes in the inflation rate. Some adjustments, in fact, have been automatic in the recent years, therefore relieving the pensioners of the periodic worry of whether this years benefits would be adjusted, or whether the level of payments would remain stable, thereby, relative to the cost of living, making them poorer that ever before(Stein p. ).In the face of the governments ability to make those necessary adjustments and to continually finance the Social Security program, many opponents of the system argue that the government programs are driving out the private insurance industry. The statistics remain otherwise. The social security tax is one of the fewest taxes in the United States, and the only federal tax in the country, that is given for a specific purpose.All other taxes are put into another neckcloth, so that welfare programs, defense, footfall projects, and the other categories of government spending are all financed from one giant, unsorted bowl of tax revenues(boskin p. 62). When the Social Security system was first establi shed, it was felt that a direct payroll tax, based on the pay of the worker and paid both by employer and employee, would be the fairest way for the people that were currently working to pay benefits to those who werent working, as well as to provide for some future requirements and disabilities.Therefore, a specially constructed payroll tax was used to fund the program. By measuring the add up taken in by the tax to the amount, not only that is taken out, but to the amount that will be taken out in future years, opponents of the Social security system make the case that the system will be unable to glide by itself in such a manner indefinitely. And, if Social Security were a private insurance program, it wouldnt. But the fact is that Social Security is not a private program. it is funded by the government.Further, the government is in a unique position to change the laws of commerce and contract to adjust the system, making it more responsive to the needs of the retired, which, i n turn, would reduce their need for the Social Security benefits. For example, the United states Government should raise the mandatory retirement age. By superlative the age to sixty-eight, the Social Security System could delay paying out benefits for several years to thousands of people, saving the system a significant amount of money in benefits. For these reasons, the government is in a position which cannot be compared to private industry.In this sense, looking at social security as an insurance program and comparing it to other insurance programs in the private system could easily give the impression that the system is gong bankrupt, when in the reality it isnt. The thing to keep in mind about the Social Security system, then, is this the system itself is in no fundamental danger of collapse. There is only temporary, cash flow situation that must be guardedly looked at. The federal government pays out 4. 5 billion more in Social Security benefits as it collects in taxes ever y year.In fact, $4. 5 billion is a small price, compared to the other programs the federal government in a flash finances from general revenue. Besides tapping the general revenue fund and fostering the retirement limit to 68 or even 70,the government has the alternative of raising the Social Security tax or even trim back the benefits slightly. The government has so many options with regard to financing the benefits that the question becomes of the cash management, not quite as significant as the huge deficits that the Social Security has been accused of having.The government is already under way to help alleviate this cash flow problem. Public officials have debated which of the various shipway would help best serve the public interest, and legislative action has been taken that would ultimately result of the Social Security system to a verifying cash base. This shift would provide the workers of America with the same benefits they have been guaranteed since 1935- and have b een paid, and expanded ever since.The social security system has withstood forty years of changing economic conditions and greater concern of public welfare. What would replace the system, if the critics had their way? The social security system has saved an untold number of people from disaster throughout many years. Many of the nations old people- some as young as sixty-two, a few over a hundred, eff from Social Security paycheck to Social security paycheck, with this government program as their livelihood.

Journal Entries for habit

diary Entries for habilitate one and dickens Habit 1 Be proactive According to Stephen bevy, being proactive is part of human nature and humanness atomic number 18 responsible for their give lives. He indicated the details of a kindly map which consist of Genetic determinism (Ancestors), Psychic determinism (P arents) and Environment determinism (Boss or some subject in the environment). The proactive concept was explained further using the Stimulus and Response race and the catalyst story of Viltor Frankl. Between Stimulus and Response, man has the ability or freedom to choose.This operator one lay to the highest degree decide how to reactive to subject or how to handle each situation. What matters near is how we respond to what we experience in life. We involve to take initiative and this means recognizing our responsible to make things happen. We need to act or be acted upon. In lots sustain words, reactive state are besides affected by their brotherly environm ent, by the social weather. When commonwealth treat them well, they feel well when pot dont, they become defensive or protective. Proactive people are still beguiled by external stimuli, whether physical, social, or psychological. scarcely their response to the stimuli, conscious or unconscious, is a value-based choice or response. Proactive people arent pushy. Theyre smart, theyre value driven, they read reality, and they know whats needed. Another serious issue he raised in the support is for people to thunder their circle of influence. Habit two Begin with the turn back in judicial decision According to pack, Begin with the End in Mind is to begin at once with the image, picture, or paradigm of the end of your life as your frame of wing or the criterion by which everything else is dig intod.It further means to start with a clear understanding of your destination. Using the dominion that all things are created twice, Covey said the unique human capacities of self-awar eness, imagination, and conscience enable us to examine first creations and make it possible for us to take charge of our own first creation, to write our own script. Habit 2 is based on principles of personal leadership, which means that leadership is the first creation. Leadership is not vigilance. Stephen Covey said as he explained the second habit.He further in the discussion explained that, in business proactive powerful leadership must everlastingly monitor environmental tack, particularly customer buying habits and motives, and provide the attract necessary to organize resources in the right direction. Later in the book, Covey stated that, the most effective way he knows to begin with the end in mind is to develop a personal/ family/ organizational relegating statement or philosophy or creed. It focuses on what one wants to be and to do (contri more everyplaceions and achievements) and on the values or principles upon which being and doing are based.Visualization and a vouchment were also talked ab kayoed. Shairay Jones Journal Entries for habit three and four Habit tierce Put first things first. To Covey, we are responsible for our own effectiveness, for our own happiness, and in the end for most of our circumstances. The third habit is the personal fruit of habit 1 and 2. In Habit 3 according to Covey, we are dealing with many a(prenominal) of the questions addressed in the field of life and time management. He utilise an illustration of four quadrants to show the essence of this habit and time management.Quadrant I stood for both urgent and definitive things. Quadrant III stood for urgent but not pregnant things. Quadrant IV not important, not urgent things while Quadrant II which is the heart of effective personal management stood for not urgent, but important things. These things to him are what we should put first forwards any other thing. He also talked about gofer agency and stewardship delegation (taking control and giving contr ol out respectively). Part three general Victory At this part, Covey talked about the Paradigm of Interdependence.He asked us to hark back that effective interdependence can nevertheless be built on a unveiling of true liberty. Private Victory precedes unexclusive Victory. In the same way, Algebra comes before calculus. To expatiate on this point, Covey noted that independence is an achievement. Interdependence is a choice only independent people can make. So the place to begin cooking any relationship is intimate ourselves, inside our Circle of Influence, our own character. Stephen further recollected an incidence he had with his two sons to explain what attending to little things meant.To him, Small discourtesies, little unkindnesses, little forms of scorn make large withdrawals in our lives. In relationship for instance, the little thing are the big things. Keeping commitments, Clarifying expectations, showing personal integrity, apologizing really when we make a withdr awal from our emotional bank are important things to do to make deposits in to our emotional banks. Covey mentioned that, with the paradigm of the ablaze Bank Account in mind, were ready to move into the habits of Public Victory, or success in ca-caing with other people.Habit 4 call in win-win (Principles of Interpersonal leadership) Under this heading, Covey narrated his personal experience at work with a company and at the end he noted that, whether you are the president of a company or the janitor, the moment you step from independence into interdependence in any capacity, you step into a leadership role. You are in a position of influencing other people. And the habit of effective social leadership is to think win-win. In addition, I learnt from this book that, win-win is not a technique but a total philosophy of human interaction.The principle of win-win begins with character then moves to relationship. Everything else is built on character. Maturity is the second foundatio n for win-win. To Covey, Maturity is the balance between courage and consideration. To go for win-win, you not only live to be nice, you have to be courageous. You not only have to be empathic, you have to be confident. You not only have to be considerate and sensitive, you have to be brave. Thats why we need to be internally matured, according to Stephen Covey.The third characteristic of a win-win case is the teemingness mentality, the paradigm that there is plenty out there for everybody. From the foundation of character, we build and maintain win-win relationship. Shairay Jones Journal Entries for habit five, six, and seven Habit 5 look to first to understand, then to be understood. Principles of Empathic Communication Stephen Covey began this seance by saying this if I were to summarize in one doom the single most important principle I have intentional in the field of interpersonal relations, it would be this Seek First to Understand, and then to Be Understood. To him this principle is the key to effective interpersonal communication. It shows how we have such a tendency to rush in, to fix things up with good advice. But we often fail to take the time to diagnose, to really, deeply understand the chore first. There is a link between character and communication. Communication is the most important skill in life. In addition to communication, Covey emphatic emphatic earshot, another important factor aiding the fifth habit. We must incessantly seek first to understand before seeking to be understood.Empathic listening means listening with intent to understand and that is needed for habit 5. study before we prescribe is also needed for this habit. Habit 6 synergism Principles of Creative Cooperation Synergy is the essence of Principle-Centered Leadership. It is the essence of principle-centered parenting and it catalyzes, unifies, and unleashes the greatest powers within people. on the whole the habits we have covered prepare us to create the mira cle of synergy. Stephen Covey. He defined synergy to mean that, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.He illustrated this in different scenarios and talked about synergistic communication. He explained that, when you communicate synergistically, you are evidently opening your mind and heart and expressions to new possibilities, new alternatives, new options. He talked about synergy in the classroom and in business. Another important thing he talked about was what he called Negative synergy. He also talked about valuing the difference this to him is the essence of synergy, the mental, the emotional, and the psychological differences between people.And the key to valuing those differences is to watch that all people see the cosmea, not as it is, but as they are. Part four RENEWAL Habit 7 centre the cut Over here, he spoke about the principles of match self-renewal. This final habit involves taking time to sharpen the axiom and it surrounds the other habits on the sept et Habits paradigm because it is the habit that makes all the others possible. According to him, it involves preserving and enhancing the greatest asset we have. Us) Sharpen the Saw basically means expressing all four motivations (physical, spiritual, mental, and social/emotional). It means exercising all four dimensions of our nature, regularly and consistently, in wise and balanced ways. To do this, we must be proactive, according to Covey. He also utilise the physical dimension, mental dimension, socio/emotional and the spiritual dimension paradigms to explain this point. Furthermore, he noted that balanced renewal is optimally synergetic.The things you do to sharpen the saw in any one dimension have positive pretend in other dimensions because they are so highly interrelated. He, at the end, talked about Inside out again by quoting the words of Ezra Taft Benson The Lord whole caboodle from the inside out. The world works from the outside in. The world would take people out of the slums. Christ takes the slums out of people, and then they take themselves out of the slums. The world would mold men by changing their environment. Christ counterchanges men, who then change their environment.The world would shape human behavior, but Christ can change human nature. Shairay Jones Advance Reading Seminar The 7 habits of highly effective people Questions 1. What made Stephen R. Covey write the book? 2. Does he think the 7 habits are still relevant today? 3. Did he think the book would have the type of effect it had on the people? 4. Did the book influence him? How? 5. What habit had the most influence on him? 6. Where did he come up with the seven habits? 7. How does he fell to know that his book sold over 15 million? 8. Did he buy the book when it first came out?

Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Sarah Winter Silver 1 World Literature 4/27/09 Angela Vicario is responsible for the murder of capital of Chile Nasar. Although it was her twin brothers that committed the actual crime, the reasons behind their murder come right away from their beautiful sister Angela. While it wasnt Angela who directly murdered capital of Chile, she is however as guilty as the rest. Angela is self-complacent and alike participated in the compendium of the murder of Santiago Nasar. The marriage between Bayardo San romish and Angela Vicario set a strong foundation for the murder. If the marriage between Bayardo and Angela had never occurred, Santiago Nasar would exempt be vital.Ever since Angela was a child, she faced a strong twinge to get married. The girls had been reared to get married. (Page 31) It is notable that Angela was the prettiest of her three sisters and several men coveted her. Many men were interested in marrying her, especially Bayardo San Roman, but Angela was not interest ed in marrying unless she was in love. Angela Vicario never forgot the horror of the night on which her parents and her older sisters with their husbands gathered together in the parlor, imposed on her the responsibleness to marry a man whom she had barely seen. (Page 24) Bayardo, on the other hand, was contumacious to marry her and in a hurry to do so. Their engagement lasted totally six months, and their marriage lasted not level one(a) night. No one would befool thought, nor did anyone say, that Angela Vicario wasnt a virgin. (Page 37) Her family was incredibly protective of her and Shed liberal up along with her sisters under the rigor of a mother of iron. (Page 37) Angela Vicario was detestably naive for going into this marriage without her virginity. She had been distressed but eventually listened to her devil confidantes. They assured her that almost all women lost their virginity in childhood accidents and that even the most difficult of husbands resigned themselv es to anything as long as nobody knew just about it. (Page 38) Apparently Bayardo San Roman was an exception. Only four hours after the extravagant conjugal union and dancing festivities, Pura Vicario (Angelas mother) was woken by three very slow knocks. Her Angela Vicario satin tog was in shreds and she was wrapped in a towel up to the waist. (Page 46) Bayardo San Roman was there to return his wife because she was not a virgin. Pura Vicario beat her daughter mercilessly and urgently ummoned her twin sons home. They found Angela Vicario lying face follow through on the dining style couch, her face all bruisedPedro Vicario, the much impellent of the brothers picked her up by the waist and sat her on the dining room table. All right, girls, he said to her, trembling with rage, tell us who it was. She but took the time necessary to say the name. She looked for it in the shadows, she found it at rootage sight among the many, many easily humiliated names from this world and the other, and she nailed it to the ring with her well-aimed dart, like a butterfly with no will whose sentence had unceasingly been written. Santiago Nasar. she said. (Page 47) Angela Vicario named Santiago Nasar as the perpetrator and whether he did it or not, Angela gave him a death sentence the moment his name escaped her lips. When Angelas brothers asked who took her virginity, she could have named any man in town. It is never confirmed nor denied whether Santiago Nasar had wind with Angela Vicario or not. However, if he was not the man to take her virginity, then why would Angela Vicario give his name? This raises many new questions, for instance, did they have consensual elicit? Did Santiago rape her?Were they in love but never had sex, and was Angela only if trying to protect Santiago? Or was the entire sexual take over made up? Marquez never answers these questions, and the reader has to make several inferences. The chassis of a butterfly pinned to a wall is symbo lic of both Angela Vicario and Santiago Nasars situation. Once she had stated that Santiago is the one who took her virginity, both of their fates became pinned. If Angela did not give her brothers a name, they would have become furious at her for defend the man who had dishonored her.She pins Santiago with her words, but she is also pinning herself by the sexism of the culture. The description of Angelas thought process when she spoke Santiagos name suggests that Angela is not only thinking of people who are alive but also those who are dead (many easily confused names from this world and the other. ) This is not a proven fact, but this strongly implies that Angela chose his name at random, which would mean Angela Vicario sanctioned the murder of an innocent man. deal almost all of the townspeople, Angela Vicario is complacent. There had never been a death more foretold. (Page 50) Everybody knew of the Vicario twins intentions, The Vicario brothers had told their plans to more t han a dozen people who had at peace(p) to buy milk, and these had spread the news everywhere before six oclock. (Page 58) Yet the only person out of the whole town to plan of attack stopping the Vicario twins was Colonel Aponte. The murder of Santiago Nasar never would have happened if Angela had through with(p) several things differently.If Angela had kept her virginity, the disaster never would have surfaced. Angela could have obviously given a different name, and Santiago would still be alive. It also would have been fairly easy for her to stop her brothers from murdering Santiago. Not only is she complacent in the murder, but she also gave the solicitation of murder. Pablo and Pedro Vicario are innocent they were murdering alone to protect their sister, something any brother would have done without a question. Angela Vicario is all the way responsible for the gruesome murder of Santiago Nasar.Chronicle of a termination ForetoldChronicle of a Death Foretold

Organisational Learning

If in that location ar images in this attachment, they will not be displayed. Download the original attachment 1. gate In pitch to survive in the rapid changing production line environment the make-ups pauperism to acquire knowledge and innovate fast enough. This dynamic, labyrinthine and globally competitive nature of the business requires cultivation arrangings. CEO of British Petroleum Company John Browne (1995) says Learning is at the shopping mall of a companys ability to adapt to rapidly changing environment. (p. 148) Many plan of attackes argon being articulated to build training arrangements.In this clear, three denominations which portray suggestions to build a accomplishment organisation argon being re assureed, critically analysed, and comp ard and contract. 2. The Literature Search Key words Organisational breeding, organisational developments, solicitude encyclopedism, continuous breeding. Sources Harvard Business School Review, Emerald journals 3. Review of the articles obligate 1 building A Learning Organisation by David A Garvin In the article Garvin has mentioned about the three dilemmas which atomic number 18 essential for flourishing the execution of the transforming the organisations into learning organisation Meaning, Management and Measuring.A rude(a) approach to learning organisation is being bought into the study. A learning organisation is an organisation skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behaviour to reflect new knowledge and insights (p. 3) To build an organisation into a learning organisation Garvin recommends five building blocks Solving problems systematically, Experimenting with new approaches to work, and Learning from past experience,Learning from other companies and from customers, Transferring knowledge throughout organisation.Implementing these activities assists the organisations control continues improvements. In the later part of the article the t ravel for measuring the learning are described. The article advice Half life curves, questionnaires and surveys on behavioural changes comprehensive learning audit to measure the learning instead of using conventional methods like learning and experience curves which focus only on , price or price. The article put forward a slight good luck in focus, away from continuous improvement and toward a commitment to learning.Article 2 The Fifth hold back By Peter M Senge This article demonstrates how to create a background, where the employees are contributeed to learn collectively and individually. Senge says in order to withstand the competitors and to excel in the field or market, the organisations existentise to ensure two conditions The capability to design the organisation to match with the desire result or outcome, ability to recognise any deviation from the want outcome and to bring it back to the right track by chore the necessary initiatives and steps.He describes fiv e disciplines which creates learning organisations The System thinking, Personal mastery, psychic models, Shared vision and police squad learning. The System thinking is considered as the fifth part discipline, Senge describes it as the cornerstone which belowlies other disciplines. The five disciplines have to be knowing by the individuals in the organisation and put into the business activities. According to Senge organisations that are capable of learning from their experiences do better than those organisations that simply adopt to their environments.They support advantage of rapidly changing conditions. Their strategies are sufficiently open terminate to allow for the unexpected so that their capabilities of organisational learning can deal with extraneous rapidly changing situations Article3 Building and sustaining a learning organisation By Richard Teare and Richard Dealtry This editorial document discuses how to build a learning background and the logical implication for Learning organisations. It depicts on the experience and observations of members the organisations which run learning programmes at their work places.It debates on four themes Modelling the learning address in organisations, organisational haveiness, Team working and learning and networked learning . These themes are related to the plan for organisational learning and organisational learning renewal. It claims that effective learning is depends on the environment for learning and the efforts of organisational leading and managers in creating, nourishing and encouraging the suitable circumstances for learning to occur. 4. particular Appraisal Article 1 The flow of text is easy to read and it is free from technical terminology.The examples quoted in this article come from both larger and smaller organisations. The examples are, interesting, and generously interspersed throughout the article. The article includes examples of both successful and failed travails, gives an fanc y about how corrections can be made when an initial attempt does not work. Garvin has take on a structural approach. His hypothesis gives the guidelines for real while applications and it is loaded with operational advice rather than high objectives. However, structural improvements are only as good as the enthusiasm for learning, so there are limitations to this theory as well.Article2 It is very important that an ensemble could be developed from the five disciplines proposed by Senge . However it is a challenge because it is more difficult to incorporate new tools than simply apply them separately. However the payoffs are gigantic. Senge fails to claim any theoretical or empirical evidence to support his claims. This article is better at perceptions than at the provision of realistic steps for managers. The organisations which consider profit as the bottom line, an essential concern with the refining and development of employees and associates is too unrealistic.There is a ques tion of about the applications of the systems theory. though he establishes variety of broader appreciations and focus to his hypothesis, it is not fully set in a political or moral framework. Article3 It illustrates a systematic approach to learning organisations, starting from the organisational objectives, diagnosing the need and opportunities, learning organisations support and elevate review. It takes the advantage views and experiences of the two real time organisations to portray the real time situations in building the organisation.It gives a brief review on the unalike concept and the realities about building a learning environment. It is well cognise that the concept of building learning organisation is been articulated by assorted scholars and has a disagreement. This article seeks support from various sources and scholars which is likely to have many contradicting arguments in the article. 5. Comparison of articles Article1 is the theoretical approach to build learn ing organisations and in article2 Garvin renovate this into reality.In article1 Garvin looks at managing behaviour and performance which is an external view while in article2 Senge looks at the noetic models that determine behaviour which is an interior view. Article 1, 2 &3 disagree about what conditions invoke the creative activity of learning organisations. Each list different factors that represent or promote learning. However, they approach the learning organisations with a normative or prescriptive orientation. Providing an intensify disposition is a key issue in learning organisations. Article1 claims mental model and system thinking will facilitate this enhanced understanding.In the case of article2, it is systematic problem solving, experimentation and learning from past experiences. kind models, Team learning and system thinking disciplines are suggested by Senge(article2) in order to acquire knowledge . In view of Garvin(article1) knowledge achievement is done thr ough learning from the others and learning from the past experiences. In order to filter the acquired knowledge Garvin implements systematic problem solving and experiments, and Senge recommends inquiry and duologue which are talk abouted in the discipline team learning.Neither article1 nor article2 explicitly mentioned the need to unfreeze organisation before substantial improvements can be achieved. Whereas article3 discuss unfreezing organisational way of thinking and avoiding decision making that is skewed to either extreme. under some circumstance the Organisational standards have become as a quandary for the organisations which prefer innovation. Article3 uses the same concept to overcome this problem. Article2 says the leaders of a learning organisation are designers, stewards, and teachers.They are responsible for building organisations where people continually expand their abilities to understand complexity, clarify vision, and improve shared mental models that is, they are responsible for learning. Article3 has the similar approach to leadership. It seen that article3 has followed some influences of Senges (article2) recommendations in the process of building a learning organisation. 6. Conclusion Learning organisations create a culture which sustain and encourage continuous learning by its employees. merry thinking and acceptable risk taking new ideas.The concept of the learning organization has gained increasing attention in the management literature. For a kinda long time the organisational theorists have studied about the subject under the discussion and their diversity views imply there is a considerable disagreement. In this work, such of three articles which portray suggestions to build a learning organisation are being reviewed, critically analysed, and compared and contract. To conclude, even though there are disagreement regarding the subject basic foundations such as knowledge acquisition, deeper understanding and improved performan ce are widely accepted by just about of the scholars. . REFERENCE (1) Dealtry,R and Teare,R(1998) Building and sustaining a learning organisation, The Learning organisation 5(1) p 47-60 (2) Garvin,D. (1993). Building a learning organisation. Harvard Business Review (3) Senge,P. (1990) The Fifth Discipline The art and practice of learning organisation United states,Currency. (4) Steven P. (1995) Unleashing the power of learning An interview with British Petroleums John Browne. Harvard Business Review, 75(5) p. 148

Diy Market in China

Sector-Specific Considerations for EU Businesses considering envisioning the DIY Market in china. As Deng Xiaoping once said bounce back the river by feeling the stones. This saying is in truth relevant for the DIY foodstuff in mainland mainland China beca accustom you ar threading down a road into the very unknown.In 2004 the Chinese DIY and home improvement merchandise place reached an all-time mellow of RMB 195 Billion and has been depleting ever since. DIY stores be constantly losing popularity at bottom the market . The market demand circulating(prenominal)ly is for soft decoration, with the rural familys moving to the fast increase cities to attain employment, there is a demand for moveable decoration in case they suck to re-locate again.The younger generation be also lede the market for multifunctional, low cost furniture, such as DIY kitchens and bathrooms this is due to the stopping point of the Chinese families with the kitchen and bathroom being t he most personal atomic number 18a in their homes. (Allience, 2007) A study competitor and little terror to the DIY railway linees already effected in China are the growing number of small extortors, as their friendship of DIY is improving with the market trends.A high percentage of juvenilely homes being bought are being left unfinished and require a major coronation in home improvement, this is where they just decide to hire a smaller contractor to do the time consuming work instead of doing it themselves therefore the companies are losing out on the profit, precisely with Chinas plaza legal injurys rising it is just possible that the Chinese consumer will simply be pushed in the direction of DIY as a cheaper option. But what will knock when Chinas sees a fall in construction and property? Will the DIY companies tolerate? This toilet be construed as a major economic threat to new European companies first appearance into China. Allience, 2007) Who are the majo r competitors? There is non one but galore(postnominal) already established competitors within the Chinese DIY market. B&Q is the major contender with it being the largest Western DIY retailer in the country. B&Q opened its first store in China in 1999 and has continued to establish strong bulls eye sensory faculty. As The Guardian reported, the local anaesthetic anesthetic culture did not fit with the DIY practices that B&Q already had and therefore B&Q had to adapt their once very successful European format to a Chinese one, hence making it a CIY ( micturate it yourself) strategy. Tran, 2007) Another competitor for an EU DIY seam to go up against is a well-established Chinese DIY fellowship called taper Homes. Orient Homes was founded in 1999 in Beijing. It receives its stock from local manufacturers consequently sinister the cost of the goods for consumer, thus making it a very large threat not just economically but be driveway it is so well established within its home market.It has develop to my attention in according to the China National Interior Decoration Association there is an estimate of much than than than 40,000 registered companies engaged in home improvement in China alone. (Unknown, 2009) The market is so densely populated that an EU confederation trying to enter the market is going to retain several(prenominal) major struggle. conjunction impale or Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise (WFOE)? Many companies entering china have to ask themselves this very difficult question, its a difficult decision to grade as there are umteen gains and disadvantages to both. ledger entry into a WFOE I believe is a lot harder than a Joint Venture, because with no Chinese partner they are left to approach their chosen market alone. Its also difficult for the confederation to create a market for their chosen intersection points, especially when therere already local competitors. Sometimes even with a local sales and selling team it can enqu ire years to have a name on the Chinese Market (Bergonovo, 2011) . The culture of the market can be very diverse and for a WFOE it can be difficult to understand alone.There are advantages as well as disadvantages, unlike in JVs where therere unalike views because the different partners and the negotiations and compromises are the however key to keep the business alive. Especially for small-medium business it is much better to have a WFOE, in order to nullify getting stuck in cultural deviances with a local partner. So if youre a small business whitethornbe with sole ownership in your experience mobiliser that has a clear strategy for the Chinese market and can afford long term investment WFOE is the right quality. (Bergonovo, 2011) Joint Ventures an be very successful in some instances, because you will have the advantage of having a culturally and linguistically adapt partner, but its polar for strange investors to understand the purposes of the joint venture and weathe r their Chinese checkmate is capable of fulfilling them. The popular Chinese idiom same bed, different dreams has render the failed joint ventures mantra (Ireland, 2012) Trust is the major issue in this venture. My considerations for a DIY follow would be a Joint Venture because the attach to will have a stronger understanding of the market and I believe this is crucial for a successful move to the Chinese market.Are there barriers for new entrants? The key difference between domestic marketing and marketing on an outside(a) denture is the multi-dimensionality and complexity of the many foreign country markets a company may operate in. An international manager needs a knowledge and awareness of these complexities and their implications they have for (Doole & Lowe, 2001, p. 9)the company and the market they are entering. I will use the SLEPT (Social, Legal, Economical, Political and Technological) system to determine the various trends and environment for a European DIY compan y attempting to enter the Chinese DIY market.Social, Cultural problems and differences can really take a toll on a new immature company entering a country where religion and material culture flow a major purpose. The language would have the most pregnant role and impact to play on the way the products and go many be seen to the new consumers. Coca Cola had extensive problems when they first entered the Chinese Market, their soft touch name translated to kooke koula which in turn translated to A thirsty mouthful of wax light wax. Now with their new translation it means joyful tastes and delight, mistakes moldiness be made by one major company for another to learn from their mistakes. Over the next 20 years more people will migrate to Chinas cities for higher-paying jobs. These working consumers, once the countrys poorest, will steadily climb the income ladder, creating a new and massive middle class. (Farrell, Ulrich A. , & Stephenson, 2006) This fellowship has struggled t o come to terms with the phrase do it yourself because they are not educated in the home renovation area. It also seems to be giving off the wisdom that you are peasant like if you do it yourself. Its all to the highest degree social status right now n China, if you are seen doing manual of arms labour that you can subsequently hire someone to do hence you are seen as a scrooge. In recent years China has become the worlds number one country in terms of attracting foreign investments. As the second-fastest growing economy of the world it attracted USD 74. 6 billion of foreign direct investment in 2007. With a current position as the worlds fourth-largest economy (in nominal GDP), and an sightly annual growth of more than 8% for the last 30 years, only very few other countries in the world can liken the business opportunities present in China today. (Unknown, General Considerations before Entering the Chinese Market) In order for an EU DIY company to succeed in the market they ne ed to be aware of what direction the specific market they want to enter is developing economically in order to make a well-rounded assessment on whether it would be financially operable to enter and compete with firms already established in the market such as B&Q and Home Depot. (Doole & Lowe, 2001) The company may also locution some long term challenges with the rapid development it could put a strain on resources such as the infrastructure and the migration rates within the country.There are also some very appealing political reforms that have taken place in China that any international company would be pleased about. The reform and opening up policy has been a major boost to the Chinese economy and political system. These reforms policies were put in place between 1979 and 1984 and it was aimed at improving Chinese relations with neighbouring countries. disdain the success of this open door policy many companies have been confront with difficult obstacles in relation to owners hip rights and intellectual property.It was released this year that the CCP would falloff taxes for foreign companies entering China by 50% as they believed it would attracted more foreign investment in China. (Davies, 2012) The bigger picture is that because of the economic military post globally everyplace the past couple of years, China sees the need to create a friendlier environment for foreign investors, said Khoon Ming Ho of KPMG China. (Davies, 2012) This is a major opportunity for EU based companies to enter the market at lessen tax rates. Legal systems vary both in content and interpretation.A company is not just bound by the laws of its home country but also by those of its host country (Doole & Lowe, 2001) In the west business is based on careful negotiation in contracts and agreements, they may be enforced by a court of law, however in China business is based on personal relationships, they call Guanxi in China. both companies have to have guanxi before they can c ooperate together, the specifics of a contract me be discussed after they have agreed in principle and this could cause hassle for a European DIY company who base their laws on the west.Technology is shortly playing a major role in Chinese society and is a major driving force both in international marketing and the move towards the global marketplace (Doole & Lowe, 2001) China has the largest mobile phone and internet users with 420 million people using such services mundane (Ireland, 2012), leaving the market place wide open for a new EU company to market their products via smartphones and internet. However there are some censorship issues in China at the moment, it is implemented by the commie Party of China and goes for the whole mainland.Censorship is put into place to uphold and guard the law of the Communist Party of China it helps to stop unapprovedreformist,separatist, counter-revolutionary, or spiritual ideas. It also stops the citizens of China educating themselves on t he past, present and upcoming let-downs of the Party. market Mix Product With many new foreign products entering the Chinese market the consumers are becoming overwhelmed by the abundance and are relying on the image that the company has made in its producing country. Each region in China has differences in economic growth, subsisting standards and education.For foreign products, there are sharp differences between rural and urban attitudes. Typical Chinese consumers do not want to be amongst the first to try a new product. They are reluctant to be pioneers, especially for an expensive, un issued (in terms of brand), foreign product. (Doole & Lowe, 2001) My considerations for an EU DIY company would be not to take your companys products for granted, just because they have been very successful in the West does not mean they will be equally successful in the East.They must think of China as they would think of Europe, with its many different regions and its many different cultures it must adapt to what are culturally acceptable. They are entirely interested in products that are going to suit their needs, as I spoke of before, when new apartments are bought they are just a crush and need a lot of investment and renovation, if a company could introduction the Chinese peoples needs in this regard they might have a large opportunity. Price The setofaproductorserviceisnotaneasydecisionforanycompany.Therearemany issuesthatmustbetakenintoconsideration,especiallywhena internationalcompanyis enteringanewinternationalmarketsuchasChina. (Waller, 2012) The price must cover the manufacturing and distribution costs and in turn must not be too low as the company could sustain long term losses. There are many approaches that a company can take to decide on what marketing strategy to consider. For showcase Skimming This is where the product is introduced in the market at a high price, and because lowered over time. (Waller, 2012) Apple Inc. is a company that is partial to this method as they believe that people are willing to pay extra to have the newest technology on the market. prestige A company will use prestige, or premium determine as a strategy where companies with luxury products or exclusive brand image/reputation will price the product at the high end of the price range. Customers knowing that they are buying high prime(prenominal) will expect to pay the higher price. (Waller, 2012) Companies that use this such method are Louis Vuitton and Rolex.My sector specific considerations for an EU DIY companys pricing strategy is to introduce new products at a lower price to suit the Chinese market, leaving them with a competitive advantage over the companies that are already established. Place Rapidly improving infrastructure, high-tech facilities and an progressively well trained workforce mean there is greater prime(a) than ever before for investors seeking to expand, set up new regional headquarters or relocate key functions to new loca tions within China. (KPMG, 2012) The future of the companys success can rely on the choice of location that you choose. There is a growing number of young professionals with significant disposable income on the major coastal cities who aspire to higher standards of living and increased wages and thus are more likely to fleet credit for mid to high range consumer products (Ireland, 2012) With profit and manufacturing opportunities in major coastal cities this could lead to the start of a very successful DIY company.Promotion marketing plays a significant part in any companys success of their brands especially in the Chinese market. They must establish their rank market for example what Tier/Class, Age, and Income the company will market to and then once they have found their target market they must survey their market potential. A successful marketing campaign will recognise the various needs and wants of their target market in China for example it varies from region to age to cu lture values.As I previously mentioned Chinas internet usage is the highest in the world, by advertising online you could reach and provide a huge segment of your target market with the brand information they need. Finally, based on my above predictions and opinions I have produced this SWOT analysis for a DIY company entering into the Chinese market. Strengths * well established EU presence * grand Population and consumer base * wide variety of DIY products * High quality services * Cheaper than competitorsWeakness * Must incorporate Chinese culture * Less advertising and brand awareness than competitors * Little brand loyalty in China * inadequacy of innovation in product development for China * Lack of market information Opportunities * Property growth * Unfurnished houses * Income levels rapidly increasing * enormous internet usage * New middle class impressionable/ forthcoming * Cheaper manufacturing costs. Threats * Already some well established companies * Local cultures and values are unknown

Knowledge and Understanding of the Confessions of Jeremiah Essay

Outline your know leadge and understand of the Confessions of JeremiahJeremiah was the password of Hilkiah, and a member of a priestly family. He was a native of Judah and came from Anathoth, a sm each village in the north atomic number 99 of Jerusalem. His prophesieric ministry lasted from approximately 626 to 580BC, and is one of the longest of completely the writing prophets.The prophet Jeremiah began his long prophetic c beer in 626BC in the thirteenth family of Josiahs reign He was still a precise three-year-old man at this time. The narrative of his call is in a parley surrounded by Jeremiah and Yahweh. From this we batch perk up straight a dash that Jeremiah had a very intimate relationship with God from the outset. Unlike other prophets, Jeremiah seems to control been chosen to be a prophet before he was even born(p). forrader I formed you in the womb I knew you.Before you were born I consecrated you, I appointed you a prophet to the nations. It seemed it was the pile of Jeremiah to be a prophet. According to Kidner, Jeremiah was handmade for the task. Similarly to Moses and Amos, at graduation Jeremiah was reluctant to consent to his mission, saying Ah superior God behold I do non know how to speak for I am wholly a youth, nonwithstanding his creed in Yahweh gave him faith in himself, and he accepted the role God asked of him. Perhaps this teaches us the importee of rising to face personal challenges. Yahweh said to Jeremiah Be not unnerved of them for I am with you to deliver you. This is very much the faith of believers to twenty-four hour period, that in times of trouble, God is constant in our lives.In Jeremiahs call, Yahweh outlines the purpose of his ministry. He says I have set you this day over nations and kingdoms, to pluck up and to break down, to destroy and overthrow, to build and to plant. This summarizes the two main aspects of Jeremiahs mission. It was to be a twofold mission, having both a positive and negati ve mission, and promising reconstructive memory after dying. Yahweh intended to punish the pack for their sins and injustice, yet it would be this destruction that would create a new and holy people. In this aspect, we can see a similarity between Hosea and Jeremiah, in that Hosea also believed in saving(a) Judgement.Following the dialogue of Jeremiahs call, in that location were two wads. The first of these visions is the vision of the almond rod, and the second vision is one of the boiling pot confront away from the north. These visions both contained a message of judgement. The mouth of the put is confront towards the south, away from the north, which implies that the danger that Judah volition face testament coif from the north, and that these forces will destroy Judah. Yahweh says here And I will utter my judgements against them, for all their disgust in yielding me they have made their offerings to other gods, and worshipped the whole kit and boodle of their own han ds.In his visions, God speaks very frankly of judgement, expressing that it is going to take a chance soon, and that the destruction is going to come from the North. After this, Yahweh encourages Jeremiah again with the divine effect of his task. He is made aware(predicate) that be young and experienced, he would be resisted and persecuted by many, further that he would be upheld and strengthened by God.Jeremiah soundless sin in terms of the betrayal of love, and accused the people of being guilty of embracing pagan gods, and flirting with heathen empires. They succumbed to the corrupting influences of the nature cults. Jeremiah found their behaviour incredible, and failed to understand why after Yahweh had been so secure to the people during the time of exodus, they would desert him. He accused the people of forsaking Yahweh saying They have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and dug out cisterns for themselves, sappy cisterns that can hold no water.In other quarr el, they had deserted Yahweh for gods which were unimportant to them. Jeremiah also outlined the futility of foreign alliances, and said that in times of semipolitical emergency, he remaining their honest protector. They lost faith in Yahweh, and this led to Assyria losing their religion independence. Jeremiah felt this was stupidity on their part, and appealed to the people to return to the covenant, but they paid him no heed. The call from Jeremiah is a call for repentance. Kidner said Judah had seen it all and followed suit, sinning with her eyes open. To make it worse she had put on a sanctimonious show of repentance and reform.Jeremiah says that the Jews were guilty of syncretism and apostasy, but that they were so conscientiously complacent that they were ignorant of their own sin. There was evidence of paganism and the people of Judah were confused. The nation had sunk to a dangerously low level of phantasmal impurity. They had become hardened, and unfeeling in relation to their conscience.Jeremiahs confessions are autobiographical. The book of Jeremiah is cut off into six different passages The passages in jeremiahs confessions have three things in common, they are in first person, they are directly addressed to God and not to the people or its rulers, and they express the deep suffering felt by the prophet in exercising his mission. These passages are what made Jeremiah unique amongst the Hebrew prophets. He is the yet prophet to notify the personal impact his role had on him. In the confessional passages we see a real, human being, whose frailty we can identify with and whose trauma we can understand. Rarely did other prophets give us a glimpse into their lives, but in the passages Jeremiah wrote, he revealed his soul.Throughout his ministry, Jeremiah was often in conflict with his own contemporaries. This conflict was not his choosing. We are reminded of Hosea, in the sense that Jeremiah was a man of intense sympathy and tenderness of the heart, and all he wanted was to feel the love and companionship of others. He scorn the conflict that deprived him of warmth and conflict that he craved, and so he became a depressed and hostile man. Yahweh said to Jeremiah You shall not take a wife, nor shall you have sons and daughters in this place. This was due to the impending crisis. In the ancient dear(p) east, sterility was considered to be a terrible curse, so we know from this that Jeremiahs celibacy would not have been down to personal choice. This shows how Jeremiah endured personal suffering, as a result of the nations wickedness.The first two passages in Jeremiahs confessions reveal a plot against his life, instigated by immediate family and acquaintances. The people saw Jeremiah, son of a priest, as a traitor. He reacted fiercely to this plot, and asked for the death of these men. The hap caused Jeremiah to reflect on his mission, and on the very meaning of human existence.As Jeremiah asked for no more than justi ce, God upheld his fierce reaction saying I am going to punish themFor I will bring incident upon the people of Anathoth. This punishment however is not for vengeance, it is for reform. It is here that Jeremiah shows us a different side of him. He exaggerates the gloom, and welcomes the thought of retribution. Yahweh tells him that he has to keep his faith and courage during his sufferings, because they are little compared to what is to come. God knows only too come up the pain in the neck of ingratitude desertion from a spouse defiance of a son, a daughter. A parallel is evident between the familys rejection of Jeremiah, and the nations rejection of Yahweh.In the third passage, we see a new effusion and pleading by Jeremiah as he describes the inner crisis he is facing. He believed that everything he did seemed to bring him into conflict with his expletive men. It is here that Jeremiah laments on his mother, saying woe is me, my mother that you ever bore me, a man of passage of arms and contention to the whole land. As Jeremiahs call predates his birth, to curse the day of his birth would mean a rejection of his mission. His persecution arises from the message he has to deliver. Jeremiah was depressed by his work and often wondered about its purpose. In his eyes, all it caused was contention with his fellow Jews, and made him considered a troublemaker. The reaction the people of Judah gave him meant he became bitter, and saw himself condemned to a life of loneliness.The people reacted in such a hostile way to Jeremiah because he told them what they didnt want to hear. He foretold disaster and the people remained distrustful of what he was saying, which only caused Jeremiah to fall even further into depression. As a result of the personal persecution and enforced loneliness, Jeremiah became vindictive and actually prayed for vengeance on those who treated him so poorly. This desire for vengeance only further reveals the valet de chambre of Jeremiah. Th e third confession also indicates that Jeremiah faced an inward struggle with Yahweh, as well as an outward struggle with men. He was torn between obligation and magnetic dip.He felt obliged to work as a prophet, and continue to live the sort of life that would lead to conflict with others, but due to the stress his prophetic work caused him, he felt given over to avoid it. In the beginning, the quarrel of Yahweh brought Jeremiah joy. Your words were found, and I ate them and your words became to me a joy and the de bring down of my heart, but this has all permuted now. Jeremiah has been left an object of ridicule, and Gods words no longer gave him joy. He felt God used him as instrument to announce pain and destruction on people he felt love for, and at times he was almost blasphemous, accusing Yahweh of overpowering and misleading him. Oh Lord though hast deceived me, and I was deceived, thou art stronger than I and thou hast prevailed. Yahwehs reply renews and confirms he pro phets mission, using the very words from his call. And I will make you to this people a fortified contend of bronze. It is made clear however, that this will only happen when Jeremiah has converted, and regained confidence indoors his mission.In the last of the confessional passages, Jeremiah tells us of his most dramatic inner crisis, heavily believing that Yahweh has tricked him. Oh Lord you have enticed me and I was enticed you have over supply me and you have prevailed. He fears being classed as a faithlessly prophet, which would have been devastating because he is one of the biggest critics of them. These false prophets were Jeremiahs greatest competition, and promised a shortcut to divine restoration. They spoke of peace, and attempted to heal the wound of the people mildly, but their remedies failed to touch even the root of the problem. Jeremiah says the complete opposite to these false prophets. Jeremiah believed that Yahweh would intervene in human history to punish , where as the false prophets proclaimed that God was uninterested in human affairs, and on that pointfore that he wouldnt intervene in them.Jeremiah believes that they feed the Jews with false hope, whenever doom is inevitable, and without the destruction they cannot be rebuilt. According to Bright, these prophets are nothing but wind. The role of a true prophet was often to act as a contestant to the stipulation quo. The people of Judah did not like the challenge that Jeremiah was presenting them with. Jeremiah remained insistent however, that in light of Judahs perversity, she would be punished. Although here he is clearly presented as a prophesier of Doom, this is only one aspect to his mission, and like other prophets, he does have a message of hope. Similarly to Amos, Jeremiah is warning the people what is to come if they do not repent, he is giving them warning so change is a possibility. It is for this reason he is also known as the Prophet of Repentance.He feels doubtfu l in relation to his message, and feels he is crying skirt chaser in regard to his mission, by proclaiming a message of judgement which has not yet come to pass. Once again we are reminded of the conflict with Jeremiah in relation to obligation and inclination. Here Jeremiah describes his obligation to speak in a prophetic voice as a fire burning inwardly him, forcing him to go on with his prophetic work despite the feeling that his inclination was to stop. Jeremiah speaks of his struggle saying If I saw I will not mention him, or speak anymore in his name, the n inside me there is something like a burning fire shut up in my bones. I am weary with holding it in and I cannot.When Jeremiah says But the Lord is with me like a dread warrior therefore my persecutors will stumble, he seems to have come to realise that within him there was the potential to move forwards and cope with what he thought was impossible. He finally realised that he was not alone, and that God would always be w ith him. Although Jeremiah at times curses the day he was born, the one thing that get up him out of his depression was the deep conviction that Yahweh would always be there for him. Kidner says on Jeremiah He goes on to his worst ordeals with never a faltering or a word of doubt.In conclusions, the outpourings from Jeremiahs heart that we witness in his confessions could be said to reveal imperfections about his human character, such as vindictiveness towards his fellow men and irrelevance towards God. However as Jeremiah was aware of his own perfections, by repenting Yahweh would help him cover all of his human imperfections. If only the Jews had have realised the need to repent, then Yahweh could have help them overcome their imperfections through prayer and dialogue.